Research index

Every peer-reviewed study cited across our product pages, collected in one place and grouped by compound. Each entry links to the PubMed abstract and, where a free copy exists, straight to the full text.

We link primary sources rather than summarising them second-hand. Titles, journals and years are taken from PubMed's own records.

45Studies

15Compounds

45Free full text

Retatrutide GHK-Cu BPC-157 Tirzepatide Semaglutide NAD+ HCG Tesamorelin TB-500 MOTS-c IGF-1 LR3 Glutathione 5-Amino-1MQ L-Carnitine Cialis (Tadalafil)

Retatrutide

A triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonist, currently at Phase 2 and Phase 3 development.

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Journal Article

Retatrutide-A Game Changer in Obesity Pharmacotherapy

Biomolecules · 2025

Abstract Full text

Journal Article

Triple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trial

Nature medicine · 2024

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Journal Article

Efficacy and safety of retatrutide, a novel GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptor agonist for obesity treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center) · 2025

Abstract Full text

GHK-Cu

A naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide studied in matrix remodelling and skin models.

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Journal Article

Liposomes as Carriers of GHK-Cu Tripeptide for Cosmetic Application

Pharmaceutics · 2023

Abstract Full text

Journal Article

The glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-Cu(2+) tripeptide complex attenuates lung inflammation and fibrosis in silicosis by targeting peroxiredoxin 6

Redox biology · 2024

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Journal Article

GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration

BioMed research international · 2015

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BPC-157

A synthetic fragment of a gastric protein, studied across tissue-repair and gastrointestinal models.

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Journal Article

Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide-Literature and Patent Review

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025

Abstract Full text

Journal Article

Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing

Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine · 2025

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Journal Article

Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing

Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021

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Tirzepatide

A dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist — the first of its class to reach approval.

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Clinical Trial

Tirzepatide for Weight Reduction in Chinese Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-CN Randomized Clinical Trial

JAMA · 2024

Abstract Full text

Journal Article

Semaglutide vs Tirzepatide for Weight Loss in Adults With Overweight or Obesity

JAMA internal medicine · 2024

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Clinical Trial

Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial

JAMA · 2024

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Semaglutide

A GLP-1 receptor agonist with one of the largest randomised-trial literatures in metabolic medicine.

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Clinical Trial

Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 4 Randomized Clinical Trial

JAMA · 2021

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Meta-Analysis

Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide for Weight Loss in Obesity Without Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies · 2022

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Journal Article

Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 5 trial

Nature medicine · 2022

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NAD+

The redox coenzyme and sirtuin substrate at the centre of cellular energy and longevity research.

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Journal Article

The Safety and Antiaging Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide in Human Clinical Trials: an Update

Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023

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Journal Article

Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women

Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2021

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Journal Article

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) as an anti-aging health product - Promises and safety concerns

Journal of advanced research · 2022

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HCG

A glycoprotein hormone acting at the LH receptor, central to reproductive endocrinology.

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Journal Article

Efficacy and Safety of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Monotherapy for Men With Hypogonadal Symptoms and Normal Testosterone

Cureus · 2022

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Journal Article

Human chorionic gonadotropin therapy in hypogonadic severe-oligozoospermic men and its effect on semen parameters

Clinical and experimental reproductive medicine · 2022

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Journal Article

The Safety of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Monotherapy Among Men With Previous Exogenous Testosterone Use

Cureus · 2022

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Tesamorelin

A stabilised GHRH analogue studied chiefly for visceral adipose tissue endpoints.

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Journal Article

Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial

The lancet. HIV · 2019

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Journal Article

Tesamorelin improves fat quality independent of changes in fat quantity

AIDS (London, England) · 2021

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Journal Article

Visceral fat reduction with tesamorelin is associated with improved liver enzymes in HIV

AIDS (London, England) · 2017

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TB-500

The actin-binding region of thymosin beta-4, studied for cell migration and wound-coverage.

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Journal Article

Thymosin beta 4: A potential novel adjunct treatment for bacterial keratitis

International immunopharmacology · 2023

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Journal Article

Thymosin Beta-4 Modulates Cardiac Remodeling by Regulating ROCK1 Expression in Adult Mammals

International journal of molecular sciences · 2025

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Journal Article

Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions

Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews · 2026

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MOTS-c

A mitochondrial-encoded peptide that signals to the nucleus — a distinct class of molecule.

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Journal Article

The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance

Cell metabolism · 2015

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Journal Article

MOTS-c: A promising mitochondrial-derived peptide for therapeutic exploitation

Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023

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Journal Article

Mitochondrial-derived peptides MOTS-c and humanin attenuate dexamethasone-induced atrophy in human skeletal muscle cells

Physiological reports · 2026

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IGF-1 LR3

An IGF-1 analogue engineered to evade binding proteins, widely used as a cell-culture supplement.

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Journal Article

Exercise interventions and serum IGF-1 levels in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis

Frontiers in public health · 2025

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Journal Article

Exercise-induced modulation of IGF-1 in healthy, obese, and cancer populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Annals of medicine · 2025

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Journal Article

The cell biology of systemic insulin function

The Journal of cell biology · 2018

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Glutathione

The most abundant intracellular antioxidant, and the reference point for cellular redox state.

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Journal Article

Glutathione in Skin Aging and Tissue Regeneration: A Systematic Review of Molecular Mechanisms, Redox Modulation, and Biomedical Implications

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026

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Journal Article

Exploring the Safety and Efficacy of Glutathione Supplementation for Skin Lightening: A Narrative Review

Cureus · 2025

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Journal Article

Glutathione in Our Diet and Its Role in the Body: From Disease Prevention to Anti-Aging

Nutrients · 2026

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5-Amino-1MQ

A small-molecule NNMT inhibitor studied for its effect on NAD+ precursor availability.

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Journal Article

Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase inhibition mitigates obesity-related metabolic dysfunction

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2024

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Journal Article

Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase inhibition improves limb function in experimental peripheral artery disease

Physiological reports · 2025

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Journal Article

NAD(+) Metabolism and the Control of Energy Homeostasis: A Balancing Act between Mitochondria and the Nucleus

Cell metabolism · 2015

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L-Carnitine

The obligatory carrier for long-chain fatty acids entering the mitochondrion.

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Journal Article

The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in participants with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis

Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2024

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Journal Article

Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on lipid profile in adult patients under hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs

Frontiers in medicine · 2024

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Journal Article

l-Carnitine Supplementation in Recovery after Exercise

Nutrients · 2018

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Cialis (Tadalafil)

A long-acting PDE5 inhibitor with an extensive clinical literature.

Journal Article

Comparative efficacy of on-demand Sildenafil, Tadalafil and daily Tadalafil for treatment of erectile dysfunction: A 12-week randomized controlled study

Indian journal of psychiatry · 2025

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Journal Article

Comparison of Safety and Efficacy of Avanafil and Tadalafil in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction: A Prospective Observational Study

Cureus · 2026

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Journal Article

Evaluation of tadalafil in combination with Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound (LIPUS) for erectile dysfunction: a protocol for a randomized controlled trial (SPIRIT Compliant)

Trials · 2025

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Listing a study is not a claim about what any compound does. These are primary sources provided so you can read the evidence directly and judge it yourself. Much of this literature is preclinical — cell culture and animal models — and preclinical findings do not establish effects in humans. All products are supplied for laboratory research use only.